專項(xiàng)扶貧

專項(xiàng)扶貧是指專門針對(duì)貧困人口和貧困問(wèn)題而設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施的開發(fā)式扶貧政策措施。20世紀(jì)80年代初期，國(guó)家開始啟動(dòng)實(shí)施“三西”農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)計(jì)劃和以工代賑計(jì)劃。此后，專項(xiàng)扶貧是指依托發(fā)展資金、以工代賑資金、少數(shù)民族發(fā)展資金、“三西”農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)專項(xiàng)補(bǔ)助資金、扶貧貸款貼息資金等財(cái)政專項(xiàng)扶貧資金而組織實(shí)施的扶貧工作。

與行業(yè)扶貧、社會(huì)扶貧所不同的是，專項(xiàng)扶貧的主要特點(diǎn)在于：（1）專項(xiàng)扶貧所需資金，主要來(lái)源于中央和地方預(yù)算安排的財(cái)政扶貧資金；（2）專項(xiàng)扶貧的實(shí)施一般采用項(xiàng)目形式（或單一項(xiàng)目，或綜合性項(xiàng)目）；（3）專項(xiàng)扶貧項(xiàng)目實(shí)施，原則上要求到村到戶，使真正的貧困村、貧困戶直接受益；（4）組織實(shí)施專項(xiàng)扶貧的行政機(jī)構(gòu)是各級(jí)政府扶貧開發(fā)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組及其辦公室，同時(shí)還包括各級(jí)發(fā)展和改革委員會(huì)、財(cái)政部門等。

2011年，中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院頒布實(shí)施《中國(guó)農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)綱要（2011-2020年）》，正式將扶貧開發(fā)工作劃分為專項(xiàng)扶貧、行業(yè)扶貧、社會(huì)扶貧三大塊，其中專項(xiàng)扶貧主要包括易地扶貧搬遷、整村推進(jìn)、以工代賑、產(chǎn)業(yè)扶貧、就業(yè)促進(jìn)等內(nèi)容。2015年，《中共中央 國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的決定》進(jìn)一步提出，強(qiáng)化政府責(zé)任，引領(lǐng)市場(chǎng)、社會(huì)協(xié)同發(fā)力，鼓勵(lì)先富幫后富，構(gòu)建專項(xiàng)扶貧、行業(yè)扶貧、社會(huì)扶貧互為補(bǔ)充的大扶貧格局。

Special Poverty Alleviation Programs

Special poverty alleviation programs are development-oriented, especially designed and implemented to help the poor tackle poverty problems.

In the early 1980s, the state launched an agricultural development program and a work-relief plan for the poor counties in Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Later, special programs were related to poverty alleviation work supported by development funds, work-relief funds, development funds for minority ethnic groups, agricultural development subsidies, and government-subsided discount loans for poverty alleviation projects.

As distinct from poverty alleviation through business development or with social assistance, special programs have the following features:

(1)The money needed mainly comes from the poverty relief funds appropriated from central and local budgets;

(2)Single or comprehensive projects are usually conducted to boost alleviation;

(3)The projects must be undertaken in the villages and by the households to ensure the truly impoverished are the direct beneficiaries; and

(4)The organizations in charge of project implementation include poverty alleviation leading groups and their offices, development and reform commissions, and financial departments under all levels of government.

The Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Alleviation of China's Rural Areas (2011-2020), released in 2011, defines development-oriented poverty alleviation as special programs, corporate support, and social assistance. Special programs include relocation, village-based poverty alleviation, work-relief, business development, and employment improvement.

The Decision on Winning the Battle Against Poverty, issued in 2015, emphasizes the responsibilities of the government and the roles of the market and social assistance, and encourages those who have become better-off to help those still lagging behind, so as to build synergy by integrating special programs, corporate support and social assistance.