China is home to more than 300 million smokers - about a third of the world's total. About 1.2 million mainland residents die from smoking-related diseases every year, government figures showed. The government's annual spending on tobacco control averages 20 million yuan ($3 million) a year.

The project allows cities to choose their own tobacco-control focuses. Most work is carried out by local health departments and centers for disease control and prevention, ThinkTank director Wang Ke'an said.

In addition to funding, the project provides cities with technical assistance, such as staff trainings, he said.

Cao Chengjian, deputy director of Hangzhou's disease control and prevention center, said local restaurants and hotels will be primary targets.

Since the city banned smoking in public places in March, about 50,000 yuan worth of fines have been issued, he said.

"We're working with local health inspection departments that have law enforcement power to help implement and enforce anti-smoking laws and regulations," he said.

It is common to see people smoking indoors in cities where doing so is banned.

"Only a combination of policies and raising public awareness could help achieve effective tobacco control," Koplan said.

"The key is to change the social norms among the public, which will also help reinforce the change in government policies."

It took about 20 years for such a transformation to take place in the United States, where smokers were tolerated lighting up wherever they wanted, he said.