2024年美國侵犯人權報告

中華人民共和國

國務院新聞辦公室

2025年8月

The Report on Human Rights Violations in the United States in 2024

The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China

August 2025

目錄

Contents

序言

Foreword

一、美式民主：金權游戲的狂歡

I. American Democracy: Carnival of Money Power Games

二、民生福祉：底層民眾的掙扎

II. Social Welfare: Struggling Low-Incomers

三、種族主義：少數族裔的枷鎖

III. Racism: Shackles of Minorities

四、脆弱群體：婦女兒童的無助

IV. Vulnerable Groups: Helplessness of Women and Children

五、致命旅途：無證移民的悲歌

V. Fatal Journey: Elegy of Undocumented Immigrants

六、美式霸權：他國人權的夢魘

VI. American Hegemony: Terminator of Other Countries' Human Rights

結語

Conclusion

序言

Foreword

2024年是備受關注的美國政治選舉之年，在政黨爭斗、社會撕裂的圖景中，美國人權的真實狀況得到集中檢視。

2024, as an election year in the United States, was a year of special concern that features aggravating political strife and social divide. Such a landscape offers an opportunity to review the state of human rights in the country in an intensive manner.

富者愈富、貧者愈貧，美國經濟和社會不平等日益惡化。通貨膨脹對中低收入家庭造成災難性沖擊。4000多萬人生活貧困，超過70萬人無家可歸，13.5%的家庭面臨食物短缺問題，1380萬兒童生活在三餐不繼的家庭。超過10萬人因藥物濫用死亡，昂貴低效的醫療和保險體系觸發眾怒。槍支暴力致死人數居高不下，1400多名兒童死于槍擊。1300多人死于警察暴力執法。

Economic and social inequalities in the United States worsened with the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer. Inflation delivered a devastating blow to middle- and low-income families. Over 40 million Americans lived in poverty, and more than 700,000 people were homeless. Meanwhile, 13.5 percent of U.S. households faced food insecurity, and 13.8 million children lived in families that did not have enough food on the table. Drug overdose claimed over 100,000 lives, while the exorbitant and inefficient health care and insurance systems fueled widespread public outrage. The death toll from gun violence remained high. More than 1,400 children died of gunshots and over 1,300 people perished due to police brutality.

弱勢群體深陷困厄處境，權利持續遭受踐踏。美國橫跨一個半世紀的寄宿學校實為煉獄，已發現3100多名印第安原住民兒童死于其間。系統性種族歧視在執法司法和社會生活的各個領域無處不在，非洲裔被警察槍殺的概率是白人的3倍，在所有被判處終身監禁不得假釋的兒童中61%是非洲裔。約40%的職業女性在職業生涯中遭受過性騷擾，11個州的家庭暴力發生率超過40%，500萬婦女生活在沒有產科服務的地區。非法雇傭童工數量激增至幾十年來最高水平，當權者卻放寬限制為剝削兒童大開方便之門。南部邊境地區移民死亡人數持續攀升。得克薩斯州埃爾帕索地區死亡移民人數從2022年的72人飆升至2024年的168人。許多移民拘留設施成為濫施酷刑的“黑牢”。

Vulnerable groups were trapped in dire straits with their rights being constantly violated. The American Indian boarding schools, which operated for over a century and a half, turned out to be hell with the discovery of the deaths of more than 3,100 native American children in them. Systemic racism was deeply entrenched in law enforcement and all aspects of social life. African Americans were three times more likely to be shot dead by police than whites and 61 percent of all children sentenced to life imprisonment without parole were of African descent. Nearly 40 percent of women experienced sexual harassment at some point in their careers, while domestic violence rates exceeded 40 percent in 11 states. Some 5 million women lived in areas with no obstetric services. The number of illegally employed children surged to its highest level in decades. Yet the authorities loosened regulation to allow the exploitation of child laborers. Deaths among migrants on the southern border continued to climb, with fatalities in the El Paso region of Texas skyrocketing from 72 in 2022 to 168 in 2024. Many immigration detention centers became secret sites of torture.

面對美國存在的諸多人權問題，兩黨政客在競選中閃爍其詞、避而不談實質解決方案。針對社會民生議題避實就虛，將少數人私利凌駕于多數人福祉之上；圍繞種族、性別議題挑撥離間，以群體性爭斗掩蓋結構性矛盾；利用移民議題相互攻訐，借污名化敘事博眼球搶選票。在令人眼花繚亂的政治操弄中，美國人民的權利被異化為政客攫取權力的工具。

As for the numerous human rights issues in the United States, politicians from both parties equivocated during election campaigns and dodged the question of how to earnestly fix the problems. On social and livelihood issues, politicians beat around the bush, putting the interests of a privileged few above the well-being of the many. By exploiting racial and gender divides, they covered up structural problems in society by instigating antagonism between rival groups. They attacked each other over immigration and tried every way to capture attention and garner votes, with many of them demonizing immigrants. With dazzling political maneuvering, the rights of American people were reduced to mere tools for politicians to seize power.

美國國內政治博弈產生溢出效應，加劇地區沖突、釀成人道主義災難。新一輪巴以沖突造成十幾萬人死傷，加沙地帶約90%的民眾流離失所。美國濫施單邊制裁，對全球數十億人的生活產生負面影響，超過60%的低收入國家遭受經濟懲罰。美國無視聯合國大會連續32年壓倒性多數通過的決議，繼續維持對古巴的經濟、商業和金融封鎖。關塔那摩監獄的酷刑體制至今仍在延續，各種殘忍手段令人發指。

U.S. domestic political strife had spillover effects, intensifying regional conflicts and leading to humanitarian disasters. The escalation of the Israel-Palestine conflict resulted in over 100,000 casualties and displaced approximately 90 percent of Gaza's population. The unilateral sanctions imposed randomly by the United States adversely affected billions of people globally, with more than 60 percent of low-income countries bearing the brunt of these economic penalties. Despite 32 consecutive resolutions passed overwhelmingly by the UN General Assembly, the United States persisted in maintaining its economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba. The torture apparatus at the Guantanamo Bay prison continued to operate, employing methods that were nothing short of appalling.

一、美式民主：金權游戲的狂歡

I. American Democracy: Carnival of Money Power Games

2024年原本是美國公民行使政治權利的關鍵一年，但在現實中，金錢操控政治，政治綁架司法，選舉規則壓制選民，政治暴力事件頻發，大多數民眾對美式民主深感失望。

The year 2024 was meant to be a defining moment for American citizens to exercise their political rights. Yet in reality the year was fraught with political violence as politics was controlled by money, justice was hijacked by politics, and voters were disenfranchised by electoral rules. As a result, the majority of Americans were profoundly disillusioned with American-style democracy.

金錢操控美國政治。金錢是美國政治的母乳，而選舉過程恰恰是金錢控制美國政治的命門所在。根據美國金錢政治研究機構“公開的秘密（Open Secrets）”網站發布的數據，2024年大選周期的總開銷超過159億美元，再次刷新了美國政治競選“燒錢”的紀錄。在這些競選經費當中，超過77億美元來自“超級政治行動委員會”，而近14億美元來自更不受控制的所謂“混合超級政治行動委員會”。這些委員會都處于美國現行競選法律無法有效規制的“灰色地帶”，直接為金錢操控政治打開了暢行通道。隱藏在巨額金錢政治幕后的操縱者事實上是謀求自身私利最大化的金主。這些人通過金錢肆意操控美國政治的基本邏輯與實際運作。在2024年大選期間，至少有135位號稱躋身于“十億美元俱樂部”的美國富豪分別公開支持了兩黨總統候選人。從公開數據看，兩黨總統候選人在競選期間得到的來自單一金主的最高捐款數額已過億美元，數千萬美元已算不上是“大數字”。卡塔爾半島電視臺網站2024年7月10日發表專欄作家貝倫·費爾南德斯（Belen Fernandes）撰寫的評論文章稱，“在被委婉地稱作‘民主制度’的無恥寡頭政治體制下，美國捐贈階級擁有的權力和影響力過大”，“寡頭操控已經成為美國‘政治風景’中司空見慣的一環”。“美國政府屬于金主、來自金主、服務于金主。”

Money controls U.S. politics. Money is the lifeblood of U.S. politics. And the electoral process is precisely where money comes in to exercise control. According to data of OpenSecrets, a research group tracking money in U.S. politics, over 15.9 billion U.S. dollars was spent during the 2024 federal election cycle, another record high. Of the total campaign funds, more than 7.7 billion dollars came from super political action committees (PACs), while nearly 1.4 billion dollars came from more uncontrollable hybrid PACs. These committees are in a "gray area" that cannot be effectively regulated by current campaign laws in the United States, directly paving the way for money controlling politics. 

The manipulators behind big money politics are in fact financiers who seek to maximize their own interests. Those people willfully control the basic principles and actual operation of American politics through money. During the 2024 elections, at least 135 billionaires publicly endorsed presidential candidates from both major parties. Public data has revealed that the maximum amount of donations from a single donor received by presidential candidates of both parties during the campaign exceeded 100 million dollars, dwarfing previous "big numbers" of tens of millions of dollars. 

An opinion piece by columnist Belen Fernandez published on Al-Jazeera website on July 10, 2024, said, "In short, it is just another reminder of the inordinate power and influence wielded by America's donor class in a shameless plutocracy euphemized as 'democracy.'" "Plutocratic operations have become so normalized a part of the political landscape," she wrote. "At the end of the day, the United States is nothing but a government of the donors, by the donors, for the donors."

選區重劃玩弄民意。美國兩黨通過極度扭曲的選區劃分，挖空心思設計有利于本黨勝選的選民結構，肆無忌憚地將政黨利益凌駕于選民權利之上。在2020年最新一次人口普查之后，兩黨都推動了追求本黨私利的極端激進的選區重劃，對國會議員競選產生了明顯影響。以黨爭為核心的選區重劃也引發了司法爭議。截至2024年9月30日，美國各地圍繞選區重劃方案已引發了84起訴訟，絕大部分訴求都是要求修改最初在單一政黨控制下繪制的選區劃分地圖，其中48起直接涉及針對種族歧視的指控。2024年5月，聯邦最高法院以6比3的判決結果，推翻了下級法院作出的認定南卡羅來納州選區重劃方案壓制非洲裔選民投票權利的裁決，事實上支持了壓制選民的政治行為。三位持反對意見的大法官認為，聯邦最高法院的判決具有毀滅性影響，大法官埃琳娜·卡根（Elena Kagan）表示：“在選舉領域‘普遍存在的丑陋種族歧視模式’長期盛行。”

Gerrymandering manipulates public will. The two major political parties in the United States blatantly put partisan interests above voter rights by meticulously crafting voter structures in their favor through extreme gerrymandering. Following the 2020 census, both parties pushed for radical redistricting for political gains, significantly impacting the outcomes of congressional elections. 

Gerrymandering driven by partisan interests has also led to judicial disputes. As of Sept. 30, 2024, a total of 84 lawsuits were filed around the country over gerrymandering. The majority of complaints demanded the revision of district maps initially drawn under the control of a single political party. Of the cases, 48 were related to accusations of racial discrimination. In May 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a 6-3 decision to nullify a lower court ruling that found South Carolina's re-drawing of congressional maps discriminated against Black voters. The Supreme Court decision in fact backed political action that suppressed voters. The three dissenting Supreme Court justices warned the ruling had devastating implications. Justice Elena Kagan wrote: "In the electoral sphere especially, where 'ugly patterns of pervasive racial discrimination' have so long governed, we should demand better -- of ourselves, of our political representatives, and most of all, of this Court."

選舉規則壓制選民投票權利。南部貧困法律中心（Southern Poverty Law Center）網站2024年12月1日報道，2020年以來，已有24個州通過了壓制選民的限制性法案，17個州通過了新的或更嚴格的選民身份證法。這些法律在選民身份證明、郵寄投票等方面規定了過于繁瑣的限制性要求，對老年人、少數族裔、殘疾人、低收入選民和學生的影響尤為嚴重。根據投票騎士組織（Vote Riders）的研究，美國有色人種公民缺乏投票所需身份證件的可能性接近白人的4倍。許多符合資格的選民無論政治派別如何，都會因為不了解他們居住地的選民身份證法而無法行使選舉權。布倫南司法中心（Brennan Center for Justice）2024年11月19日發布的一項研究報告顯示，印第安原住民的投票率歷來是所有群體中最低的，但美國政府始終未采取行動改善他們的投票條件，導致其行使選舉權的機會被普遍剝奪。

Election rules suppress voter rights. According to a report published on Dec. 1, 2024, by the Southern Poverty Law Center, 24 states have passed voter suppression laws, while 17 states have passed new or stricter voter ID laws since 2020. 

These laws imposed overly burdensome restrictions on voter identification and voting by mail, disproportionately affecting seniors, minorities, people with disabilities, low-income voters, and students. 

According to Vote Riders' research, people of color in the United States were nearly four times more likely than white citizens to lack the required identification for voting. Many eligible voters, regardless of political affiliation, were unable to vote due to a lack of understanding of their state's voter identification laws. A Brennan Center for Justice report published on Nov. 19, 2024 revealed that historically, Native Americans had the lowest voter turnout among all groups. Yet the U.S. government had consistently failed to improve their voting conditions, leading to widespread disenfranchisement. 

極端政治暴力事件頻發。長期的兩黨政治惡斗，形成否決政治，并進一步激化為針對個人的政治暴力。兩黨政客不斷煽動仇恨和敵意，激發極端行為，“政治暴力在美國已經成為了新常態”。路透社2024年10月21日報道，自2021年1月6日“沖擊國會山事件”以來，美國已發生300多起政治暴力事件。2024年大選期間，兩黨總統候選人及其團隊都遭遇了不同程度的政治暴力。2024年7月13日和9月15日，特朗普先后兩次遭遇未遂刺殺；亞利桑那民主黨總統競選辦公室9月23日也發生了槍擊事件。美國感恩節（11月28日）前后，多名民主黨國會議員遭到炸彈威脅，特朗普提名的一些內閣和聯邦官員人選也遭到炸彈威脅。

Extreme incidents of political violence occurred frequently. The prolonged partisan gridlock fueled a culture of political obstruction, often leading to political violence against individuals. Politicians from both parties continued to incite hatred and animosity, triggering radical behaviors. "Threats of violence become the new normal for politicians."

As reported by Reuters on Oct. 21, 2024, since the Capitol riot on Jan. 6, 2021, over 300 incidents of political violence had occurred in the United States. During the 2024 election, both the Democratic and Republican presidential candidates and their teams faced varying degrees of political violence. On July 13 and Sept. 15, 2024, Trump survived two assassination attempts. On Sept. 23, 2024, a shooting occurred at a Democratic campaign office in the state of Arizona. Around Thanksgiving (Nov. 28, 2024), multiple Democratic members of Congress and Trump-nominated Cabinet and federal officials received bomb threats. 

民眾對美式民主失望至極。根據《紐約時報》和錫耶納學院2024年10月28日的調查數據，幾乎一半的選民對美國政治體制的成效表示懷疑，62%的受訪者認為美國政府主要為精英階層而非普通民眾服務。皮尤研究中心（Pew Research Center）的數據顯示，41%的美國人曾經相信的“美國夢”已經破滅，60%的18至29歲年輕人認為“美國夢”已無法實現甚至從未實現過。美國貝茨學院學者泰勒·哈勃（Tyler Austin Harper）2024年11月6日發表文章稱，“美國政治體系已經從根本上崩潰了”，兩黨代表著特殊利益集團的利益，“甚至毫不掩飾對選民需求的漠視”。絕大多數選民認為美國正走在錯誤的道路上；近80%的人表示，大選并沒有讓他們為美國感到驕傲。

The public was deeply disillusioned with American-style democracy. According to a New York Times & Siena College poll published on Oct. 28, 2024, nearly half of voters expressed skepticism about the effectiveness of the U.S. political system, with 62 percent believing the government primarily served the elite rather than ordinary citizens. 

Pew Research Center data showed that 41 percent of Americans believed the "American Dream" was no longer attainable, and 60 percent of young people aged 18 to 29 thought it was either unachievable or never existed. In an article published on Nov. 6, 2024, Tyler Austin Harper, a scholar at Bates College, stated, "A political system like that is fundamentally broken," with both parties representing special interest groups and "often without even pretending to heed the needs of voters." A vast majority of voters believed the United States was on the wrong track, and nearly 80 percent said the election had not made them proud of their country. 

二、民生福祉：底層民眾的掙扎

II. Social Welfare: Struggling Low-Incomers

高通脹加劇貧富鴻溝，中低收入家庭遭受災難性沖擊，無家可歸者人數再創新高。醫療和保險體系昂貴低效觸發眾怒，藥物濫用危害民眾健康。槍支暴力威脅生命安全，警察濫用暴力草菅人命，監獄囚犯遭受虐待。

Skyrocketing inflation exacerbated the wealth gap, delivering catastrophic blows to low- and middle-income families, while homelessness reached unprecedented levels. The costly and inefficient health care and insurance systems sparked widespread outrage. Substance abuse continued to harm public health. Gun violence threatened lives. Police brutality persisted in total disregard for human lives. Prisoners continued to be abused in detention facilities.

貧富鴻溝凸顯“兩個美國”。美國的收入和財富不平等比其他發達國家高得多，而且持續加劇。全球統計數據庫（Statista）2024年9月16日公布的數據顯示，2023年美國貧困率再次上升，貧困人口比例上升至12.9%。美聯儲統計數據顯示，截至2024年6月30日，財富排名前10%的家庭擁有美國家庭總財富的67%，而財富排名后50%的家庭只擁有美國家庭總財富的2.5%，前者的平均財富擁有量是后者的1353倍。受教育程度不平等維持著貧困代際傳遞，形成惡性循環。例如，家長沒有接受過高中教育的美國家庭財富，僅為家長接受過四年制大學教育的家庭財富的9%。美國最富有的10%的家庭擁有約80%的股票市值。美國已分裂為少數富人階層和大多數中下階層的“兩個美國”。

The wealth gap revealed "Two Americas." Income and wealth inequality in the United States far exceeded those of other developed nations and continued to worsen. Data released by Statista on Sept. 16, 2024 showed that the U.S. poverty rate rose again in 2023, with 12.9 percent of the population living in poverty. According to Federal Reserve data, as of June 30, 2024, the top 10 percent of U.S. households held 67 percent of the nation's total wealth, while the bottom 50 percent owned just 2.5 percent. The average wealth of the top 10 percent was 1,353 times higher than that of the bottom 50 percent. Educational inequality perpetuated intergenerational poverty, creating a vicious cycle. For example, the wealth of families where parents lacked a high school diploma was only 9 percent of that of families where parents had a four-year college degree. The wealthiest 10 percent of households owned approximately 80 percent of the stock market value. The United States had effectively split into "Two Americas" -- a small wealthy elite and a vast low- and middle-class majority.

低收入家庭遭受災難性沖擊。2024年美國通貨膨脹率高位波動，物價和利率水平持續高企，嚴重沖擊普通民眾的生活，許多人的債務比以往任何時候都高。美國信用卡債務總額在2024年第二季度達到創紀錄的1.14萬億美元。低收入美國家庭不得不削減在可自由支配物品上的支出，貸款違約比例上升至約十年來的最高水平。2023年，美國有13.5%的家庭陷入食物短缺的窘境，高于2022年的12.8%，其中有1380萬兒童生活在三餐不繼的家庭。

Low-income families faced catastrophic impacts. In 2024, inflation remained high, so were consumer prices and interest rates, severely impacting ordinary Americans, many of whom saw higher debts than ever. U.S. credit card debt totaled a record high of 1.14 trillion dollars in the second quarter of 2024. Low-income families were forced to cut discretionary spending, and loan delinquency rates rose to the highest levels in nearly a decade. In 2023, 13.5 percent of U.S. households faced food insecurity, up from 12.8 percent in 2022. Some 13.8 million children lived in households that did not have enough food on the table. 

無家可歸者被逼入絕境。美國住房和城市發展部2024年發布的年度報告顯示，美國無家可歸者人數達到77.18萬，即每1萬人中約有23人無家可歸，比2023年同期增加18.1%，這是自2007年開始此項統計以來的最大增幅。越來越多的有體面工作的上班族，出于各種原因淪為新的無家可歸者。雪上加霜的是，聯邦最高法院在2024年7月作出裁決，支持對露宿街頭的無家可歸者處以罰款、逮捕或監禁。占美國無家可歸者總數近一半的加利福尼亞州，下令在全州范圍內拆除無家可歸者營地。洛杉磯無家可歸者比有住房者受到傳喚或逮捕的可能性高出79倍，被關進監獄的可能性高出27倍。

Homelessness pushed people to the brink. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's 2024 annual report revealed that the number of homeless people in the United States reached 771,800, or approximately 23 per 10,000 people, marking an 18.1 percent increase from 2023 -- the largest rise since records began in 2007. An increasing number of working Americans with decent jobs became homeless due to various factors. Compounding the crisis, the Supreme Court ruled in July 2024 to allow fines, arrests, or imprisonment against homeless individuals sleeping outdoors. California, home to nearly half of the nation's homeless population, ordered the dismantling of homeless encampments statewide. In Los Angeles, a homeless individual was 79 times more likely than a housed person to be cited or arrested and 27 times more likely to be jailed than those with housing. 

政商共謀導致藥物濫用和毒品危機。美國緝毒署署長安妮·米爾格拉姆（Anne Milgram）認為，“美國面臨有史以來最危險和最致命的毒品危機。”過去幾年，美國合成阿片類藥物（例如芬太尼）和興奮劑（例如可卡因和甲基苯丙胺）的過量用藥情況持續上升。2023年美國發生105007例藥物過量死亡，其中35歲至44歲成年人的藥物過量死亡率最高。美國大麻行業已成為全國性行業，2024年零售銷售額超過320億美元。《2023年美國藥物使用和健康調查報告》顯示，當年約有6180萬12歲以上的美國人使用大麻；近900萬美國人濫用阿片類藥物，“阿片類藥物已成為美國大眾的麻醉劑”。美國制藥巨頭們為牟利欺騙性地推廣阿片類藥物的使用，并且千方百計逃避索賠追責。美國醫藥利益集團還加大政策游說力度，2007年以來每年游說投入都超過2億美元，2023年更是達到創紀錄的近4億美元。美國食品藥品監督管理局（Food and Drug Administration, FDA）在批準和標示新鎮痛藥時，履職不力監管失敗。利益綁架、政商共謀、監管失職是美國藥物濫用和毒品危機的禍亂之源。

Government-business collusion fueled substance abuse and drug crisis. Anne Milgram, administrator of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, said the United States was facing "the most dangerous and deadly drug crisis." Overdoses involving synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl) and stimulants (e.g., cocaine and methamphetamine) surged in the past few years. In 2023, there were 105,007 drug overdose deaths in the United States, with the highest mortality rate among adults aged 35 to 44. Cannabis became a nationwide business, with retail sales exceeding 32 billion dollars in 2024. According to the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximately 61.8 million Americans aged 12 and older used marijuana that year.

Nearly 9 million Americans misuse opioids, and "opioids have become the narcotic of the American public." U.S. pharmaceutical giants, in pursuit of profit, deceptively promoted opioid use while employing every means to evade liability and compensation claims. The American pharmaceutical lobby has also intensified policy influence, with annual spending exceeding 200 million U.S. dollars since 2007 and reaching a record high of nearly 400 million dollars in 2023. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) failed in its oversight duties when approving and labeling new painkillers. The root of America's drug abuse and opioid crisis lies in interest hijacking, government-business collusion and regulatory failure.

失敗醫療保險體系觸發眾怒。過度市場化和高壟斷化推高醫藥價格，利益集團綁架政策制定，多系統行政運行成本過高，這些因素導致美國醫療保健費用螺旋式上漲。美國人均醫療支出從2000年的7908美元上升至2023年的14570美元。英聯邦基金（The Commonwealth Fund）2024年9月發布的報告《鏡鑒2024：失敗的美國醫療系統》顯示，在10個高收入國家中美國醫療資金支出最多且持續上升，但表現最差，是唯一一個未提供全民醫療保健的國家，人均預期壽命最低。高額的自付支出和初級保健的缺乏等，導致2023年有35%的美國成年人要么缺乏充足的醫療保障，要么因為保險不足以支付全部醫療費用而放棄治療，另有9%的美國人完全沒有被健康保險所覆蓋。很多人因難以負擔基本的醫療保健費用無力就醫，一生中不得不忍受各種病痛。美國醫療保險公司以“延遲、拒絕和不支付”等手段對付投保者，大批中低收入病人因為醫療債務而破產。2024年12月4日，美國保險巨頭“聯合醫療”首席執行官布萊恩·湯普森（Brian Thompson）遭遇槍殺，在槍擊現場發現的彈藥上寫著“延遲”“否認”“不支付”等用來描述保險公司如何逃避索賠的詞語。這一事件再次點燃了美國公眾對醫保公司的憤怒情緒。

Failed healthcare system triggers public anger. Excessive marketization and high monopolization have driven up medical prices, while special interest groups have hijacked policymaking. Bloated administrative costs across multiple systems have jointly led to spiraling healthcare expenditures in the United States. The nation's per capita health spending surged from 7,908 dollars in 2000 to 14,570 dollars in 2023. The Commonwealth Fund's September 2024 report, "Mirror, mirror 2024: A Portrait of the Failing U.S. Health System," revealed that among 10 high-income nations, the United States spends the most on health care with expenditures continuing to rise, yet performs the worst. It is the only country without universal health coverage, and has the lowest life expectancy.

Due to exorbitant out-of-pocket costs and lack of primary care, among other things, 35 percent of American adults in 2023 either lacked adequate health coverage or had to forgo treatment due to insufficient insurance benefits, while another 9 percent had no health insurance at all. A significant number of people are unable to access Medicare due to unaffordable basic health care costs, which force them to endure untreated illnesses throughout their lives. U.S. health insurers routinely employ tactics of "delay, deny and depose" against policyholders, driving numerous low- and middle-income patients into medical bankruptcy. On Dec. 4, 2024, when UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson was shot, ammunition found at the scene bore the words "delay", "deny" and "depose" -- terms that epitomize insurers' claim-avoidance strategies. The incident reignited public fury towards U.S. health insurance companies. 

大規模槍擊案頻發。美國政府無法保護人民免受槍支濫用帶來的經常性暴力。K-12學校槍擊案數據庫（K-12 School Shooting Database）網站顯示，近年來，校園槍擊事件和相關受害者人數顯著增加。“槍支暴力檔案（Gun Violence Archive）”網站數據顯示，2024年美國有4萬多人死于槍擊，發生大規模槍擊事件503起，發生校園槍擊案45起，其中32起發生在中小學。根據美國人口普查局的數據，威斯康星州密爾沃基郡每10萬名兒童中就有10.8至14.6名兇殺案受害者，其中絕大部分受害者死于槍擊。2024年3月，賓夕法尼亞州的一項調查發現，近一半的家長更擔心孩子在學校遭遇槍支暴力，而不是擔心孩子“學業落后”。

Frequent mass shootings have plagued the nation. The U.S. government has failed to protect its people from the recurring violence caused by rampant gun misuse. The K-12 School Shooting Database website shows that school shootings and related casualties have risen sharply in recent years. Data from the Gun Violence Archive show that in 2024 there were more than 40,000 gunshot deaths in the United States, 503 mass shootings, and 45 school shootings, 32 of which occurred in elementary and secondary schools. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Milwaukee County in the state of Wisconsin has between 10.8 and 14.6 homicide victims for every 100,000 children, with the vast majority of the victims dying from gunshots. In March 2024, a Pennsylvania survey found that nearly half of the parents were more worried about gun violence at school than about their children "being behind academically."

警察執法濫用暴力。根據美國“警察暴力地圖（Mapping Police Violence）”網站的數據，美國警察每年至少對30萬人使用暴力，其中約10萬人受傷。2013年以來，警察暴力執法致死人數持續攀升。2024年，美國警察共射殺1361人。美國人權活動人士塔瑪拉·希爾（Tamara Hill）發表文章指出：“美國的暴力文化早已滲入執法部門的骨髓之中，而有罪不罰現象更加劇了警察暴力。在美國，由于問責標準過于寬松，執法部門和刑事懲罰體系經常傷害平民而不用承擔后果。”

Police brutality is rampant in law enforcement. The U.S. website Mapping Police Violence shows that police officers use violence against at least 300,000 individuals annually, with approximately 100,000 sustaining injuries. Fatal police encounters have shown a consistent upward trend since 2013. In 2024 alone, police shootings claimed 1,361 lives. U.S. human rights activist Tamara Hill observed in an article: "Violence has become institutionalized within American law enforcement culture, while systemic impunity exacerbates police brutality. Under excessively lenient accountability standards, U.S. police departments and criminal justice systems routinely harm civilians without consequence."

監獄囚犯遭受虐待。美國人口不到世界人口的5%，而全世界被囚禁的人口中有近四成被關押在美國監獄。2024年美國的各種監獄中關押著約190萬名犯人，每176名美國人中就有1人被關在監獄里。更為夸張的是，在美國至少有四分之一進過監獄的人會在被釋放的當年再次被捕入獄。《洛杉磯時報》網站2024年9月4日報道，在過去兩年中，被關押在兩所監獄的數十名婦女對懲教部門提起了多次訴訟，指控監獄工作人員利用職權對她們進行性騷擾、猥褻和強奸。然而，監獄性虐待數據顯示，盡管有數百起投訴，但懲教人員幾乎未受到任何紀律處分后果。合眾國際社（United Press International）網站2024年10月1日報道，美國司法部表示，佐治亞州監獄違反了美國憲法第八修正案的規定，將囚犯置于“恐怖、不人道”的環境中。

Inmates face abuse in U.S. prison facilities. Accounting for less than 5 percent of the global population, the United States incarcerates nearly 40 percent of the world's prisoners. As of 2024, approximately 1.9 million individuals had been detained across American correctional facilities, which means 1 in every 176 U.S. residents is currently imprisoned. More alarmingly, at least one-quarter of released prisoners are rearrested within their first year of freedom. The Los Angeles Times reported on Sept. 4, 2024 that dozens of women incarcerated in two prisons have filed multiple lawsuits against the corrections department, alleging that prison staff sexually harassed, molested, and raped them by exploiting their positions of authority. However, prison sexual abuse data showed that despite hundreds of complaints, virtually no disciplinary actions were taken against implicated staff. The U.S. Department of Justice said Georgia prisons violated the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution by placing inmates in "horrific, inhumane" conditions, the United Press International reported on Oct. 1, 2024, on its website. 

三、種族主義：少數族裔的枷鎖

III. Racism: Shackles of Minorities

聯合國人權理事會當代形式種族主義問題特別報告員指出，人們將美國的種族主義描述成“存在于呼吸的空氣中”，并“從搖籃到墳墓”持續存在。種族歧視言論肆意橫行，司法體系形成全鏈條種族歧視，少數族裔在工作、生活中長期遭受廣泛歧視和排斥，環境種族主義引發新的關切，種族歧視借助人工智能得以固化并以更隱蔽的形式傳播。

The United Nations Human Rights Council's Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism noted that racism in the United States has been described as "being in the air we breathe" and persists "from cradle to grave." Racist rhetoric runs rampant while the judicial system exhibits systemic racial discrimination at every level. Ethnic minorities are subjected to persistent and widespread discrimination and exclusion in their daily life and workplaces, with environmental racism emerging as a new concern. Furthermore, racial discrimination is being entrenched and disseminated in more covert forms through artificial intelligence.

種族歧視言論大行其道。煽動種族歧視成為美國政治競選攻防的重要手段。美國全國廣播公司（National Broadcasting Company, NBC）網站2024年10月28日報道，在2024年美國總統競選集會上，助選嘉賓發表了一系列帶有種族主義色彩的粗俗言論，抹黑非洲裔和拉美裔。2024年總統大選落幕之際，美國多地非洲裔都收到了種族歧視短信，告知他們被選中去最近的種植園采摘棉花。一則被披露的短信寫道，“我們的奴隸主管（Executive Slaves）會開一輛棕色面包車來接你，進入種植園之后，要準備好接受搜查。”

Racist rhetoric has become pervasive. Inciting racial discrimination has become a key tactic in U.S. political campaigns. The National Broadcasting Company reported on Oct. 28, 2024 that speakers at a U.S. presidential campaign rally made a series of vulgar, racially charged remarks disparaging African Americans and Latinos. As the 2024 presidential election concluded, many African Americans across the country received racist text messages instructing them to report to the nearest plantation to pick cotton. One disclosed message read, "Our Executive Slaves will send a brown van to pick you up. Be prepared to be searched upon entering the plantation."

系統性種族歧視籠罩執法司法體系。美國律師協會和斯坦福大學2024年6月發布的報告《刑事法律系統中的偏見》指出，美國的種族偏見存在于逮捕、保釋、指控、判刑等刑事程序的各個階段。與違法情節相似的白人相比，非洲裔和拉美裔更容易被警察逮捕，受到更多的審前拘留和更嚴厲的刑罰。在涉及輕微的交通、毒品和財產犯罪時，種族差別對待尤為明顯。種族歧視更突出體現在警察暴力執法中。在有記錄的美國警察暴力致死事件中，非洲裔的遇害率是白人的3倍，印第安原住民的遇害率是白人的2.2倍，拉美裔的遇害率是白人的1.3倍。美國司法部調查報告指出，密西西比州列克星敦警察局“建立了一個可以讓警察肆意違法的體系”，這個約76%居民是非洲裔的鄉村小鎮，存在著令人震驚的種族歧視性執法和騷擾現象。美國司法部的調查報告發現，田納西州孟菲斯市警察局過度使用武力，歧視性對待非洲裔美國人，特別體現在兒童身上。2018年1月至2023年8月，該地因違反宵禁或游蕩規定而被捕的非洲裔兒童有180名，而白人兒童只有4名；因擾亂治安而被捕的非洲裔兒童有120名，而白人兒童只有1名。布倫南司法中心網站2024年12月10日報道，美國聯邦司法機構針對某些聯邦罪行所作的判決，在死刑的適用上存在種族差異。在得克薩斯州，聯邦審判中非洲裔被判處死刑的可能性是其他族裔的16倍。《底特律新聞》（Detroit News）網站2024年2月4日報道，非洲裔約占美國總人口的13%，但在所有被判處終身不得假釋的兒童中，61%是非洲裔。

Systemic racial discrimination pervades law enforcement and judicial systems. A June 2024 report titled "Bias in the Criminal Legal System" jointly released by the American Bar Association and Stanford University, found that racial bias exists at every stage of criminal proceedings -- from arrest and bail to charging and sentencing. Compared with white individuals who committed similar offenses, African Americans and Latinos are more likely to be arrested by police, face longer pretrial detention, and receive harsher sentences.

Racial disparities are particularly stark in cases involving minor traffic, drug, and property offenses. Racial discrimination is even more evident in instances of police use of force. Among documented cases of police force-related fatalities in the United States, African Americans are killed at three times the rate of white Americans, Native Americans at 2.2 times the rate, and Hispanic Americans 1.3 times. 

A report by the U.S. Department of Justice found that the Lexington Police Department in Mississippi "has created a system where officers can relentlessly violate the law." In this rural town, where approximately 76% of residents are African Americans, alarming patterns of racially discriminatory law enforcement and harassment were identified. Another Justice Department investigation revealed that the Memphis Police Department in Tennessee engaged in excessive use of force and discriminatory treatment of African Americans, particularly affecting children. Between January 2018 and August 2023, 180 African American children were arrested for curfew violations or loitering, compared to just four White children. Similarly, 120 African American children were arrested for disorderly conduct, while only one White child faced the same charge. 

A report from the Brennan Center for Justice on December 10, 2024, highlighted racial disparities in federal sentencing, particularly in the application of the death penalty. In Texas, African Americans were found to be 16 times more likely than individuals of other racial groups to receive a death sentence in federal trials. Additionally, a report by Detroit News on February 4, 2024, revealed that while African Americans constitute approximately 13% of the U.S. population, they account for 61% of all juveniles sentenced to life without parole. 

環境種族主義貽害無窮。聯合國人權專家2024年5月16日發布的報告指出，在美國“那些面臨著系統性不平等和種族主義狀況的群體承受著氣候和生態危機帶來的不成比例的惡劣影響”。美國疾病控制與預防中心（Centers for Disease Control and Prevention）和美國肺臟協會等組織認為，不同種族生活環境的污染及其危害程度存在顯著差異，這是導致眾多健康狀況差異的根本原因。由于種族隔離和“紅線政策”等歷史原因，非洲裔更有可能暴露在有害或污染的環境中。凱澤家庭基金會（Kaiser Family Foundation, KFF）2024年10月24日報道，美國近80%的城市固體廢物焚燒爐建造在非洲裔、拉美裔和低收入社區，這可能導致癌癥等一系列惡性疾病高發。《環境研究》（Environmental Research）2024年3月刊登的美國杜蘭大學、孟菲斯大學、路易斯安那州立大學3位學者聯合署名的一項研究結果指出，路易斯安那州“癌癥帶”（Cancer Alley）區域化學工廠密集，那里的人口以非洲裔為主，當地居民因工業空氣污染罹患癌癥的風險高居美國之首，是全國平均值的7倍多，空氣污染對當地孕產婦和新生兒健康的損害高達全國平均值的3倍。蓋洛普公司（The Gullup）的調查結果顯示，環境污染正在使大量美國非洲裔流離失所。僅在2023年5月至2024年4月的12個月內，大約400萬非洲裔因污染不得不暫時搬遷，另有200萬人不得不永久搬遷。

Environmental racism has far-reaching consequences. A report released by United Nations human rights experts on May 16, 2024, highlighted that in the United States, "the devastating effects of the climate and ecological crises are disproportionately borne by those who face conditions of systemic inequality and racism." Organizations such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Lung Association have identified significant disparities in environmental pollution exposure across racial groups, which serve as a fundamental driver of health inequities.

Due to historical factors such as racial segregation and redlining, African Americans are more likely to be exposed to hazardous or polluted environment. A report by the Kaiser Family Foundation on October 24, 2024, noted that nearly 80% of urban solid waste incinerators in the U.S. are located in African American, Hispanic, and low-income communities, contributing to elevated risks of cancer and other severe illnesses. 

A study published in the Environmental Research journal in March 2024, co-authored by scholars from Tulane University, the University of Memphis, and Louisiana State University, examined Louisiana's Cancer Alley, a region densely populated with chemical plants and predominantly home to African American residents. The study found that local cancer risk from industrial air pollution is the highest in the nation - more than seven times the national average. Additionally, the health risks posed by air pollution to pregnant women and newborns in the area are three times higher than the national average. 

A survey by Gallup further revealed that environmental pollution has displaced a significant number of African Americans. Between May 2023 and April 2024 alone, approximately four million African Americans were forced to relocate temporarily due to pollution, while another two million had to move permanently. 

非洲裔深陷健康赤字困境。凱澤家庭基金會2024年2月22日發布的報告顯示，當前非洲裔群體在健康和醫療方面所處的弱勢地位，深深植根于歷史上的種族歧視。非洲裔的預期壽命比白人少近5年，嬰兒死亡率是白人的2倍多，孕產婦死亡率幾乎是白人的3倍。近20年來，美國在消除關鍵健康指標的種族差異方面幾乎沒有取得任何進展。聯邦、州和地方政府已經建立了維持現狀的制度，強大的商業和政治利益阻礙著非洲裔福祉的實現。美國癌癥研究協會（American Association for Cancer Research）2024年6月發布的報告指出，在過去幾年中，盡管非洲裔女性比白人女性的乳腺癌發病率低6%，但死于乳腺癌的可能性卻比后者高出40%。凱澤家庭基金會2024年10月24日報道，南卡羅來納州是美國健康狀況最差的地區之一，醫療機構和醫護人員嚴重短缺，慢性病發病率很高。特別是非洲裔缺乏醫療保險，難以獲得優質醫療服務。社區健康心理學家賈梅塔·妮可·巴洛（Jameta Nicole Barlow）說，政府的行為向非洲裔發出的明確信息是：“你以為你是誰，有什么資格要求醫療服務？”

African Americans face a severe health deficit. A report released by the Kaiser Family Foundation on February 22, 2024, underscores that the persistent health and medical disparities affecting African American communities are deeply rooted in historical racial discrimination. African Americans have a life expectancy nearly five years shorter than that of white Americans, an infant mortality rate more than twice as high, and a maternal mortality rate nearly three times greater. Over the past two decades, the United States has made little progress in closing racial gaps in key health indicators. Federal, state and local governments have established systems that maintain the status quo, while powerful commercial and political interests continue to obstruct efforts to improve the well-being of African Americans. 

A report published by the American Association for Cancer Research in June 2024 highlights stark racial disparities in cancer outcomes. Although African American women have a 6% lower incidence rate of breast cancer compared to White women, they are 40% more likely to die from the disease. 

The Kaiser Family Foundation further reported on October 24, 2024, that South Carolina ranks among the states with the poorest health outcomes, with severe shortages of healthcare facilities and medical personnel and a high prevalence of chronic illnesses. African Americans in particular face significant barriers to healthcare access, with many lacking health insurance and struggling to obtain quality medical services.

Jameta Nicole Barlow, a community health psychologist and professor at George Washington University, said that government actions essentially send a clear message to African Americans: "Who are you to ask for health care?"

寄宿學校成為原住民兒童煉獄。自1819年推出針對印第安人的《文明開化基金法》開始，美國制定了一系列法律和政策，推動在全國建立原住民寄宿學校，強制印第安兒童入學，以抹掉他們身上的民族特性，摧毀他們的文化根基。這些寄宿學校造成了一系列人間慘劇。美國政府2024年7月發布的一份報告承認，19世紀初至20世紀70年代，大量原住民學生在寄宿學校遭受身體虐待或性虐待，估計至少973名學生在這些寄宿學校死亡。而《華盛頓郵報》經過一年的調查發現，1828年至1970年間，3104名學生在這些學校中死亡。這一數字是美國政府報告的死亡人數的3倍。內布拉斯加州美國原住民事務委員會主任朱迪·蓋亞希博斯（Judi Gaiashkibos）指出，寄宿學校不是學校，是“犯人營”和“勞工營”。

Boarding schools became a living hell for Indigenous children. Since the passage of the Civilization Fund Act in 1819, the U.S. government has enacted a series of laws and policies to establish Native American boarding schools nationwide. These institutions forcibly enrolled indigenous children with the explicit aim of erasing their cultural identity and severing their ties to their heritage. The boarding school system led to widespread suffering and tragedy. 

A report released by the U.S. government in July 2024 acknowledges that from the early 19th century to the 1970s, many Native American students in these schools endured physical and sexual abuse, with at least 973 documented student deaths. However, an independent year-long investigation by The Washington Post uncovered a much higher toll, revealing that between 1828 and 1970, a total of 3,104 students died in these institutions—three times the number reported by the government.

Judi Gaiashkibos, executive director of the Nebraska Commission on Indian Affairs, condemned the boarding school system, stating that these were not schools at all, but rather "prison camps" and "work camps."

印第安原住民權利慘遭踐踏。美聯社（Associated Press）網站2024年4月14日報道，印第安原住民遭受暴力犯罪、婦女被強奸或被性侵犯的可能性是其他族群的2倍。南加州大學健康新聞中心（USC Center for Health Journalism）2024年1月18日指出，原住民在獲得醫療服務上面臨嚴重障礙。蒙大拿州印第安原住民的平均壽命比該州的白人短17年。《洛杉磯時報》網站2024年6月17日報道，印第安原住民是美國所有種族中死亡率最高、預期壽命最低的族群，而這些差異并非來自遺傳。明尼阿波利斯聯邦儲備銀行官網2024年3月8日發文稱，印第安原住民在貸款購房時支付的利率高于白人借款人。保留地內印第安人的貸款利率平均比白人借款人高1.43個百分點。印第安人權利基金會（Native American Rights Fund）網站2024年8月13日發文指出，印第安原住民在選舉中參與率低。大約四分之一符合資格的印第安原住民未登記投票，比白人選民投票率低約16個百分點，這源于印第安原住民長期遭受排斥的歷史。

Rights of Native Americans have been trampled upon. According to an Associated Press report on April 14, 2024, Native Americans are twice as likely as other racial groups to experience violent crimes, including rape and sexual assault. The University of Southern California Center for Health Journalism reported on January 18, 2024, that Indigenous communities face severe barriers to accessing healthcare. In Montana, for example, the average life expectancy for Native Americans is 17 years shorter than that of White residents. 

A Los Angeles Times report from June 17, 2024, highlighted that Native Americans have the highest mortality rates and the lowest life expectancy of any racial group in the United States—disparities that are not attributable to genetic factors. Economic discrimination is also evident. According to an article published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis on March 8, 2024, Native American borrowers face higher interest rates when purchasing homes, with loan rates on reservations averaging 1.43 percentage points higher than those for White borrowers. 

Native Americans face low voter participation rates. According to a research published by the Native American Rights Fund on August 13, 2024, approximately one in four eligible Native Americans is not registered to vote, and their voter turnout is 16 percentage points lower than that of White voters. This disparity is rooted in a long history of systemic exclusion from the U.S. electoral process. 

亞裔在多領域面臨歧視。美國正義聯盟（Alliance for Justice）2024年5月22日發布的報告指出，19世紀和20世紀的大部分時間里，亞裔在美國社會的許多方面都被排除在外。直到今日，仍有41個州的最高法院從未有過亞裔法官，盡管其中一些州擁有大量亞裔人口。該報告認為，這種明顯的代表性缺失凸顯了系統性歧視，使得亞裔繼續被排除在司法機構的關鍵職位之外，導致種族差異和不平等的歷史不斷固化。《哈佛商業評論》（Harvard Business Review）網站2024年6月2日報道，盡管亞裔在美國勞動力群體中受教育程度最高，但他們在所有種族群體中晉升領導職位的可能性卻最低。對財富500強中頂級科技公司的分析顯示，亞裔如今在職業生涯中晉升的可能性比10年前還要小。盡管亞裔約占美國專業勞動力的13%，但他們在財富500強企業高管中只占1.5%。此外，超過一半的財富1000強公司董事會沒有亞裔董事。

Asian Americans continue to face systemic discrimination in various aspects. A report released by the Alliance for Justice on May 22, 2024, highlighted that for much of the 19th and 20th centuries, Asian Americans were systematically excluded from many areas of public life. Even today, 41 state supreme courts have never had an Asian American judge, despite some of these states having significant Asian American populations.

The report argues that this glaring absence of representation highlights systemic issues that continue to exclude AAPI from key positions in the judiciary, perpetuating a history of disparity and inequity. According to a report by the Harvard Business Review, although Asians are the most educated segment of the American workforce, they are the least likely among all racial groups to ascend to leadership roles. However, a detailed analysis of top Fortune 500 technology companies shows that Asian professionals are even less likely to progress in their careers today than they were a decade ago. Although Asians make up around 13 percent of the U.S. professional workforce, they hold only 1.5 percent of Fortune 500 corporate officer roles. Additionally, more than half of Fortune 1000 company Boards have no Asian directors. 

無端排斥華裔釀成慘劇。美國政府2018年至2022年實施的“中國行動計劃”給華裔科學家帶來了嚴重困擾，甚至造成了難以承受的生命代價。美國國立衛生研究院（National Institutes of Health, NIH）對伊利諾伊州西北大學華裔神經學家吳瑛進行了長時間調查，禁止她繼續申請科研基金。這種調查摧毀了她的職業生涯。2024年7月10日，吳瑛在家中選擇結束自己的生命。國立衛生研究院的主任莫妮卡·貝爾塔尼奧利（Monica M.Bertagnolli）發表聲明承認，美國政府采取的行動使亞裔學者陷入困境。“百人會（Committee of 100）”和芝加哥大學全國民意調查中心（National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, NORC）開展的“2024年華裔美國人狀況調查”顯示，68%的華裔受訪者平均每月至少會遭受一種形式的歧視；50%的華裔受訪者在近一個月感到過絕望。

The unwarranted exclusion of Chinese Americans leads to tragedy. The China Initiative implemented by the U.S. government from 2018 to 2022 brought serious troubles to Chinese-American scientists, even causing unbearable loss of lives. After a lengthy investigation by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Jane Wu, a Chinese-American neuroscientist at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, was barred from applying for further research grants. The investigation destroyed her career. On July 10, 2024, she took her own life in her Chicago home. Monica M. Bertagnolli, director of the NIH, issued a statement acknowledging that U.S. government actions "have had the unintended consequence of creating a difficult climate for our valued Asian American, Asian immigrant and Asian research colleagues who may feel targeted and alienated." According to the "2024 State of Chinese Americans" study conducted by the Committee of 100 and National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago (NORC), about two thirds of Chinese Americans (68 percent) face at least one form of discrimination in an average month, and 50 percent report having felt hopeless in the 30 days before taking the survey. 

種族歧視迭代升級。聯合國人權專家2024年6月3日發布的報告指出，對美國執法圖像數據庫的專項研究表明，非洲裔人群在警方執法圖像數據庫中占比過高，導致在美國執法人員使用的人臉識別系統中，非洲裔個體更容易被錯誤地識別為嫌疑對象，這體現了歷史上的系統性種族主義歧視。

Racial discrimination has evolved and intensified. In a report titled "Contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance," Ashwini K.P., a UN human rights expert, pointed out that a special study of the U.S. law enforcement image database showed that the proportion of people of African descent in the database was disproportionately high, leading to African American individuals being more likely to be mistakenly identified as suspects in facial recognition systems used by U.S. law enforcement. This reflects systemic racial discrimination with deep historical roots. 

四、脆弱群體：婦女兒童的無助

IV. Vulnerable Groups: Helplessness of Women and Children

美國至今仍未批準聯合國《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》，也是聯合國所有成員國中唯一一個拒絕批準《兒童權利公約》的國家。100多年前提出的男女“權利平等”憲法修正案至今仍未獲通過。法律保障的缺位導致婦女、兒童權利遭受廣泛侵害。

The United States has not ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and is the only UN member state that has refused to ratify the Convention on the Rights of the Child. A constitutional amendment to "equal rights" for men and women, proposed more than 100 years ago, has yet to be passed. The absence of legal protection has led to widespread infringement of women's and children's rights.

職場性別歧視顯著擴大。女性難破職業天花板。根據標普全球公司發布的研究報告，在被評估的15000個美國上市公司高管職位中，2023年女性占比僅為11.8%，且低于2022年的12.2%。美國人口普查局（U.S. Census Bureau）年度報告顯示，2023年，美國全職男女之間的性別工資差距比2022年擴大。如果將兼職工作者的數據包括在內，情況更為嚴峻。職業性別隔離是導致性別工資差距的主要原因。2023年，只有12%的職業女性受雇于收入相對較高的計算機、數學、建筑及工程行業，而50%的職業男性受雇于這些領域。即使是相同的職業，女性平均收入也低于男性。擁有研究生學位的女性收入低于擁有學士學位的男性。

Gender discrimination in the workplace has expanded significantly. It's hard for women to break through the professional glass ceiling. According to a report from S&P Global Market Intelligence, in 2023, women held just 11.8 percent of the roughly 15,000 C-suite roles in listed American companies, down from 12.2 percent the year before. In 2023, the gender wage gap between men and women working full-time widened year-over-year, according to an annual report from the U.S. Census Bureau. The Census Bureau calculates the gender wage gap by comparing only men and women who work year-round in full-time jobs. But a grimmer picture for women emerges from data that includes part-time workers. Occupational gender segregation is a major cause of the gender wage gap. In 2023, 12 percent of women in professional and related occupations were employed in the relatively high-paying computer and mathematical and architecture and engineering occupations, compared with 50 percent of men. Even within the same occupations, women earn less on average than men. On average, women with graduate degrees earn less than men with bachelor's degrees. 

多領域性侵害頑疾難除。性騷擾在美國企業司空見慣。約40%的職業女性在職業生涯中遭遇過性騷擾，即便舉報也不會得到有效處理。實習醫生遭遇的性騷擾率高得驚人。研究顯示，美國超過一半的新醫生在工作第一年就受到性騷擾。美國聯邦調查局為平息一起新入職女性遭遇性騷擾的集體訴訟，同意支付超過2200萬美元的和解費用。而該案并非個例，該案代理律師戴維·謝弗（David J.Shaffer）指出，性騷擾在聯邦調查局內普遍存在。根據布朗大學沃森國際與公共事務研究所戰爭成本項目2024年8月發布的研究報告，2023年在美國軍隊中發生的性侵案件為73695起，是官方披露數據的2倍多；在阿富汗戰爭的20年中，平均每年有近四分之一的現役女性遭受過性侵。多位背負性行為不端指控的人被提名進入美國政府。性別研究專家指出，此舉讓大多數面臨性騷擾或性侵犯的婦女不再相信司法系統會懲罰性侵者。

The persistent scourge of sexual violence across multiple sectors remains difficult to eradicate. Sexual harassment remains commonplace in American businesses, with about 40 percent of working women experiencing such treatment during their careers. Even when reported, it is rarely handled effectively. The rate of sexual harassment experienced by intern doctors is alarmingly high. More than half of all new doctors are subjected to sexual harassment during their first year on the job, researchers say. The FBI has agreed to pay more than 22 million U.S. dollars to settle a class-action sexual harassment lawsuit by newly hired women. The lawyer for the case David J. Shaffer pointed out that these problems are pervasive within the FBI. According to the Costs of War project at Brown University's Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, the number of sexual assaults in the U.S. military in 2023 was 73,695, more than double the official figure. On average, nearly one-quarter of active-duty women experienced sexual assault during the years of the Afghanistan war from 2001 to 2021. Some individuals accused of sexual misconduct have been nominated to positions within the U.S. government. Gender research experts pointed out that this move made most women facing sexual harassment or assault no longer believe that the judicial system would punish sexual offenders.

家庭暴力愈演愈烈。根據美國全國家庭暴力熱線（National Domestic Violence Hotline）的數據，美國平均每分鐘就有24人成為家庭暴力受害者。在2.7萬余件家庭暴力案件中，75%的受害者是女性，其中65%為非洲裔女性。《世界人口評論》的統計顯示，2024年美國有11個州的家庭暴力發生率超過40%。但這些數據遠不是美國家暴事件的全貌。美國司法部發布的數據顯示，有53%的親密伴侶暴力及52%的家庭暴力受害者沒有向警方報告。據該部門估計，2023年親密伴侶暴力受害者的實際人數約有63萬，而家暴受害者超過116.5萬人。

Domestic violence is on the rise. An average of 24 people every minute become victims of domestic violence at the hands of an intimate partner in the United States. That figure comes from the National Domestic Violence Hotline. Of the nearly 27,000 domestic batteries, 75 percent involved female victims. Of those women, 65 percent were Black. According to the World Population Review, 11 states in the United States have a domestic violence rate of more than 40 percent in 2024. However, these figures only represent part of the overall scope of domestic violence in the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, victims of 53 percent of intimate partner violence and 52 percent of domestic violence do not report their cases to the police. The department estimates that the actual number of victims of intimate partner violence in 2023 reached about 630,000, while there are more than 1.165 million victims of domestic violence. 

政治斗爭裹挾下婦女健康權喪失應有保障。在禁止墮胎的州，護理服務整體受到限制，產科醫生紛紛離職，形成新的“產科護理荒漠”。聯邦基金“跟蹤衛生系統績效”計劃的高級科學家大衛·拉德利（David Radley）指出，有超過500萬婦女生活在沒有產科服務的地區。圍繞墮胎的政治斗爭讓政策不斷翻轉，民眾因無法預期自身權利而陷入恐慌。凱澤家庭基金會2024年的女性健康調查報告稱，63%的育齡婦女擔心墮胎禁令將威脅其生命或健康。多個州的醫院拖延或拒絕提供正常的生殖醫療服務。女性因擔心惹上法律麻煩，包括可能面臨的刑事指控，不敢冒險前往這些醫院就醫。《今日美國報》網站2024年9月報道，因墮胎禁令，佐治亞州一名婦女未能及時得到必要護理而死亡；該州另一名婦女則因恐懼現行墮胎立法可能帶來的懲罰而未及時尋求醫療護理，導致死亡。支持墮胎的研究組織古特馬赫研究所（Guttmacher Institute）負責人表示，“我們正處于一個恐懼的環境中，針對墮胎者、墮胎服務提供者和幫助者的敵意和法律風險不斷增加。”

Women's right to health has been neglected amid political battles. In states where abortion is banned, access to overall healthcare is restricted, and many obstetricians are leaving their jobs, resulting in the emergence of new "obstetric care deserts."

David Radley, a senior scientist for the Commonwealth Fund's Tracking Health System Performance initiative, estimated that over 5 million women live in a county that's considered a maternity care desert. The political battles over abortion have led to constant policy reversals, leaving the public in a state of panic, unable to anticipate their own rights. The 2024 Kaiser Family Foundation Women's Health Survey reported that 63 percent reproductive age women in the United States are concerned that they or someone close to them would not be able to get an abortion if it was needed to preserve their life or health. There are emerging patterns in multiple states of hospitals delaying or denying standard reproductive care , and of women unwilling to risk going to those hospitals, for fear of legal trouble, including possible criminal charges. According to a report by USA Today in September 2024, a woman in Georgia died after failing to get the care she needed because of abortion bans. Another woman in the state, fearing the potential penalties of the current abortion laws, also died as a result of delayed medical care. "We are in a fearful climate with increased hostility and legal risk for patients, providers and helpers," said Kelly Baden, vice president for public policy at the Guttmacher Institute, a research group that supports access to abortion. 

兒童生命健康權保障不力。美國的活產嬰兒死亡率每年超過5‰，居發達國家之首。美國醫學會兒科雜志2024年3月的研究報告稱，芝加哥兒童普遍暴露于鉛環境之中，有近13萬名6歲以下的兒童在飲用被鉛水管污染的水。此外，在檢測率和暴露水平方面都存在種族不平等的現象，非洲裔和拉美裔居民更有可能飲用到被鉛水管污染過的水。

The protection of children's right to life and health is inadequate. Every year, the United States recorded more than 5 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, far exceeding the rates in other high-income countries. A study published by the American Academy of Pediatrics in March 2024 found that nearly 130,000 Chicago children under the age of six are exposed to poisonous lead in their household drinking water because of lead pipes. In addition, there are racial disparities in both testing rates and exposure levels, with Black and Latino residents more likely to have lead-contaminated water due to lead pipes.  

執法司法系統成為兒童性虐待的幫兇。《華盛頓郵報》的一項調查發現，2005至2022年期間，至少1800名州和地方執法人員被指控犯有涉及兒童性虐待的罪行。全國各地的執法隊伍幾乎沒有對內部的性侵兒童者進行清算。整個司法系統都成為施暴者的幫兇：無效的背景調查讓有性侵前科的人混入警察系統；受指控的警察利用對法律制度的了解拖延案件、減輕指控或逃避定罪；檢察官準備更為“寬容”的認罪協議；法官使許多被定罪的警察免于入獄。連美國司法部部長助理也承認，執法人員利用自身的權力地位，使受害兒童“無處求援，也沒有其他人來保護他們”。

The law enforcement and judicial systems have become complicit in the sexual abuse of children. A Washington Post investigation has found that at least 1,800 state and local law enforcement officers were charged with crimes involving child sexual abuse from 2005 through 2022. Law enforcement agencies across the country have done little to root out child sex offenders within their ranks. The entire justice system is an accomplice to perpetrators: ineffective background checks allow those convicted of sexual assault to enter the police system; accused cops have used their knowledge of the legal system to stall cases, get charges lowered or evade convictions; prosecutors have given generous plea deals to officers who admitted to raping and groping minors; judges have allowed many convicted officers to avoid prison time. Even Assistant U.S. Attorney General Kristen Clarke admitted that members of law enforcement who have exploited their positions of power have left child victims with "no recourse and no one else to protect them."

對女童的迫害觸目驚心。美國公然違背禁止童婚的國際標準，聯邦層面迄今未通過禁止性法律，童婚在絕大多數州仍然“合法”。86%的童婚發生在成年人和未成年人之間，最常見的是16至17歲的女孩，甚至有年僅12歲的女孩同成年男性結婚。童婚不僅使兒童遭受身體和情感虐待，還剝奪了其獲得教育和改善經濟的機會，使其面臨更高的陷入貧困和被剝削風險。女性割禮惡習在美國仍大面積存在，至少有51.3萬名女性生活在具有女性割禮惡習的環境中或面臨這種風險。美國有9個州以及哥倫比亞特區并不禁止割禮。在禁止女性割禮的州中，有些并不禁止將女孩帶到其他州施行割禮。

The persecution of young girls is shocking. In the United States, no federal legislation has been passed against flagrant violation of international standards banning child marriage, and child marriage remains "legal" in the vast majority of states. Eighty-six percent of child marriages reported in the United States were between adults and minors, most commonly girls aged 16 to 17, but sometimes as young as 12. In addition to physical and emotional abuse, it puts minors at higher risk of poverty and exploitation and denies them educational and economic opportunities. The harmful practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) remains widespread in the United States. At least 513,000 women and girls are living with or at risk of FGM, and nine U.S. states and the District of Columbia have no law banning FGM. Of those that do have laws banning it, many do not prohibit girls from being taken out of state to be cut. 

五、致命旅途：無證移民的悲歌

V. Fatal Journey: Elegy of Undocumented Immigrants

邊境地區人道主義危機持續惡化，移民遭受酷刑和非人道待遇，大批移民兒童慘遭剝削奴役。移民政策與政治選舉深度捆綁，政客公然煽動對移民的仇視，移民淪為政黨轉嫁社會矛盾的替罪羊，各項人權被無情踐踏。

The humanitarian crisis at the border continues to worsen, with migrants suffering torture and inhumane treatment, and large numbers of migrant children falling victim to exploitation and enslavement. Immigration policies are deeply intertwined with political elections, with politicians openly inciting hatred against immigrants, who have become scapegoats for political parties to shift social tensions. In the process, various human rights are ruthlessly trampled. 

政客公然煽動對移民的仇視。有關移民的虛假和誤導性信息廣泛傳播。英國《衛報》網站2024年9月18日報道，在2024年美國整個選舉周期中，一些政客廣泛散布有關非洲裔和拉美裔移民的謠言，以致關于移民的種族主義陰謀論甚囂塵上。專家指出，政客為謀取政治利益傳播移民虛假信息，助長了美國人對移民的仇視。美國有線電視新聞網2024年10月7日報道，政客在競選中針對無證移民使用有辱人格的言辭，指控“他們中的殺人犯具有壞基因”。科羅拉多州奧羅拉市有五分之一的居民出生于國外。政客在競選中不斷地把移民，特別是有色人種移民，妖魔化為對美國安全的威脅，宣稱要針對移民實施大規模驅逐和家庭分離政策，使當地居民陷入恐慌。政客煽動激化了社會上的反移民情緒。美國廣播公司網站2024年12月7日報道，在紐約市，3名成年人詢問2名移民青少年是否會說英語，當對方回答不會說時，便拔刀刺向他們，造成1死1傷。

Politicians openly incite hatred against immigrants. False and misleading information about immigrants is widely disseminated. A report by the Guardian on Sept. 18, 2024 said that racist conspiracy theories about immigrants have dominated the 2024 U.S. election cycle. High-ranking Republicans have doubled down on unsubstantiated rumors about Black and brown migrants. Experts argued that the spread of such disinformation amplifies existing xenophobic beliefs within the American psyche as a means of political gain. A report from CNN on Oct. 7, 2024 said that during election campaigns, politicians used disparaging rhetoric against undocumented immigrants, accusing those who commit murder of having "bad genes."

One-fifth of the residents in Aurora, Colorado, were foreign-born. During election campaigns, politicians unleashed a world of panic and pain through their threats of mass deportations and family separations against any immigrant -- legal or undocumented -- who they decide doesn't belong in their America. 

Politicians have stoked and inflamed anti-immigrant sentiment in the American society. ABC News reported on Dec. 7, 2024 that in New York City, three adults asked two immigrant teenagers if they spoke English; when the teens said they did not, they were attacked, with one dead and one injured. 

南部邊境人道主義危機延續。美國《新聞周刊》網站2024年11月25日報道，根據美國海關和邊境保護局的數據，南部邊境地區移民死亡人數激增。僅在得克薩斯州埃爾帕索地區，死亡的移民人數就從2022年的72人飆升至2024年的168人。婦女和兒童在邊境地區移民中死亡占比驚人，自2021年以來，有500多名婦女死亡。死亡移民兒童中，年齡最小的僅有1歲。由于移民的死亡多數發生在偏遠地區，還有很多死亡事件未得到充分報告。

The humanitarian crisis on the southern border continues. A report in Newsweek on Nov. 25, 2024 stated that, according to U.S. Customs and Border Protection data, the rate at which immigrants die on the border has surged. In the El Paso area of Texas alone, the number of deaths rose from 72 in 2022 to 168 in 2024. The proportion of women and children among the migrant deaths is staggering, with more than 500 women having died there since 2021. Among the migrant children who died, the youngest was only 1 year old. As most deaths occur in remote areas, many remain under-reported. 

移民遭受酷刑和非人道待遇。美國擁有世界上規模最大的移民拘留設施。這些移民拘留設施不僅大肆斂財，還包庇縱容員工對移民實施酷刑和非人道待遇。哈佛法學院移民和難民診所項目2024年2月6日發布的報告披露，移民拘留設施廣泛使用單獨禁閉強制措施。在過去5年有記錄的14000次單獨禁閉中，平均禁閉時長達27天。近30%的單獨禁閉持續時間超過90天，25%超過365天，被單獨禁閉的移民受到嚴重的精神創傷。法律和人權組織聯盟（legal and human rights organizations）發布的報告披露，拘留著數千名移民的路易斯安那州聯邦移民拘留中心飲用水骯臟，食物被鼠糞污染；有些移民在被移送過程中遭到長時間的捆綁，無法進食飲水和如廁，手腕和腿部被勒出了深深的傷口，經常被剝奪獲得緊急醫療救治的權利。報告主要撰寫人、羅伯特·肯尼迪人權倡導組織律師莎拉·德克（Sarah Decker）把這些拘留中心稱為國家移民系統的“黑牢”。英國《衛報》網站2024年11月20日報道，佛羅里達州貝克縣拘留中心被指控存在系統性的虐待和歧視，該中心由貝克縣治安官辦公室與移民和海關執法局共同運營，其工作人員經常對被拘留者進行性騷擾，拒絕向婦女提供醫療保健和衛生用品，并且偽造記錄以掩蓋其罪行。

Immigrants face torture and inhumane treatment. The United States operates the world's largest immigration detention regime. These facilities not only profit massively, but also shield and tolerate staff members who torture and abuse immigrants. A report released on Feb. 6, 2024 by the Immigration and Refugee Clinical Program at Harvard Law School, revealed that solitary confinement is widely used. There were more than 14,000 placements in solitary confinement between 2018 and 2023, and these placements lasted 27 days on average. Almost 30 percent of solitary confinement placements lasted over 90 days and 25 percent of placements lasted over 365 days, causing mental health conditions for those placed in solitary confinement. A report released by a coalition of legal and human rights organizations has revealed that the Louisiana Federal Immigration Detention Center, where thousands of immigrants are being held, distributes filthy drinking water and food contaminated with rat droppings. Some of the detainees were transported to the detention centers from the border shackled in five-point restraints for hours, unable to use the restroom or eat and drink, and were left with deep cuts on their wrists and legs. Numerous detainees told of being denied medical care. "We see these jails almost as 'black sites' in the national immigration system," said Sarah Decker, one of the report's lead authors and an attorney with the advocacy group Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights. A report published by the Guardian on Nov. 20, 2024 highlighted that a detention center in Baker County, Florida, has been accused of systemic abuse and discrimination. The center, operated by the Baker County sheriff's office under contract with the Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency, allows its staff to routinely racially and sexually harass detainees, deny medical care and sanitary products to women, and then falsify records to cover their tracks. 

移民兒童在收容所中遭受虐待。《華盛頓郵報》網站2024年7月18日報道，近年來，美國移民收容所內兒童遭受性侵害的事件頻發。報道稱，得克薩斯州切諾維尤（Channel View）收容所的一名主管多次強奸、虐待和威脅1名十幾歲的女孩。埃爾帕索收容所的一名護工多次性虐待3名5至11歲的女孩，并以“殺死她們的家人”威脅這些孩子，迫使其保持沉默。這些收容所的實際運營者收到了100多起兒童被性騷擾或虐待的報告，卻無動于衷，未進行調查或問責，縱容這些情況繼續存在。

Migrant children are subjected to abuse in shelters. According to a July 18, 2024 report from The Washington Post, incidents of sexual abuse against children in U.S. immigration shelters have been frequent in recent years. The report stated that a supervisor at a shelter in Channelview, Texas, repeatedly raped, abused and threatened a teenage girl. A youth care worker at an El Paso shelter sexually abused three girls aged from five to 11 multiple times and threatened to kill their families to silence them. The actual operators of these shelters received over 100 reports of children being sexually harassed or abused but took no action, failing to investigate or hold anyone accountable, thereby allowing these situations to persist. 

數十萬移民兒童下落不明。移民兒童入境美國后，被迫與家庭分開拘留，在被釋放后失聯，等待他們的是被剝削、虐待、強迫勞動甚至面臨生命危險。英國廣播公司網站2024年11月27日報道，由于政府將入境的無陪伴移民兒童釋放給“未經妥善審查”的美國境內的成年擔保人，2018年至2023年9月，共有超過32萬名無父母陪伴的移民兒童在美國失去行蹤。其中許多兒童可能被誘騙從事強迫勞動和性交易，處于被虐待、剝削和販運的境地。

Hundreds of thousands of migrant children are unaccounted for. After arriving in the United States, migrant children are forcibly separated from their families and detained. Many go missing after being set free, facing exploitation, abuse, forced labor and even life-threatening dangers. According to a Nov. 27, 2024 report of BBC News, due to the government releasing unaccompanied migrant children to unvetted sponsors in the United States, over 320,000 unaccompanied minors were lost track of from October 2018 to September 2023. Many of them have been lured into forced labour and sex trafficking, facing abuse, exploitation and human trafficking. 

非法雇傭移民童工數量暴增。美國參議院2024年11月9日發布的報告稱，移民兒童中非法童工數量以令人震驚的速度增加，達到20世紀初以來的最高水平。根據美國勞工部的數據，2015年至2023年，美國有記錄的違法使用童工行為（不包括未報告行為）涉及的兒童數量激增了472%。其中相當一部分是移民兒童。僅根據美國勞工部披露的數據，2024財年各行業就有4030名兒童被違法雇傭。在該部門提起的736起訴訟中，近一半涉及違反危險職業法雇傭兒童。美國廣播公司網站2024年12月7日報道，移民兒童在美國不僅從事農業和食品供應工作，還從事建筑和修理屋頂等危險工作。面對童工激增的局面，當局的應對措施卻是修改童工立法，放寬限制使非法行為“合法化”，為剝削兒童大開方便之門。根據經濟政策研究所（Economic Policy Institute）的數據，自2021年以來，至少有30個州提出或通過了削弱童工保護的法案，其中9個州通過了擴大兒童在危險職業或工作場所就業的法案。僅2024年，就有11個州提出或采取了新的法案取消童工保護。《華盛頓郵報》網站報道，印第安納州的新法律延長了14歲和15歲兒童的合法工作時長，廢除了對16歲及17歲兒童的所有工作時間限制。佛羅里達州的法律允許16歲和17歲的兒童連續工作超過7天，取消對所有就讀于在線或家庭學校的兒童的工作時長限制，允許他們通宵工作。艾奧瓦州的立法則允許該州的兒童從事一些過去被認為過于危險的工作。這些法律非但沒有為兒童權益提供保護，反而成為“剝削兒童”的工具。對此，紐約大學學者特里·格斯坦（Terri Gerstein）批評稱，“削弱對童工保護的法律是不道德的、徹頭徹尾錯誤的決定。弱化和倒退的童工法導致更多的孩子在工作中肢體傷殘，甚至喪生。”

The number of illegally employed child migrants has soared. According to a report released in November, 2024 by U.S. Senate, there was a disturbing rise in illegal child labor among migrant children, leading to levels of illegal child labor not seen since the early 20th century. Data from the Department of Labor show that the number of minors involved in documented child labor violations (not including the ones that are never reported) increased 472 percent between 2015 and 2023. A significant number of them are migrant children. In fiscal year 2024, the Labor Department found 4,030 children employed in violation of child labor laws across all industries. Of the 736 cases brought by the department, nearly half involved minors employed in violation of hazardous occupation laws. ABC news reported on Dec. 7, 2024 that migrant children in the United States are not only employed in agriculture and food supply jobs, but also in dangerous jobs including construction and roofing. However, in face of the surge in child labor, lawmakers have responded by weakening child labor laws and relaxed restrictions to legalize illegal act, opening the door to child exploitation. According to data from think tank Economic Policy Institute, at least 30 states have introduced or passed bills to weaken child labor protections since 2021, and in nine of those states, legislation has been introduced to expand youth employment in hazardous occupations or workplaces. In 2024, 11 states have introduced or taken new action on bills to roll back child labor protections. The Washington Post reported that Indiana's new law extends legal work hours for 14- and 15-year-olds, repealing all work-hour restrictions for 16- and 17-year-olds. Florida has made law changes to allow 16- and 17-year-olds to work seven days in a row and also removed all hour restrictions for teens in online school or home school, effectively permitting them to work overnight shifts. An Iowa law allows minors in that state to work in jobs previously deemed too hazardous. These laws not only fail to protect children's rights but have instead become tools for "child exploitation." "It is immoral and inappropriate and utterly the wrong decision to roll back child labor law," said Terri Gerstein, director of a labor initiative at New York University. "All that weakening and rolling back child labor laws is going to do is create more kids whose fingers and hands, legs are amputated who are killed on the job."

六、美式霸權：他國人權的夢魘

VI. American Hegemony: Terminator of Other Countries' Human Rights

美國長期奉行霸權主義、單邊主義，認為只有自己才能永遠在餐桌上吃肉，別人只能在菜單上任其宰割；只有自己才能永遠喝牛奶，別人只能長期做“奶牛”。美國強權政治粗暴踐踏國際法和國際關系基本準則，肆意侵犯他國人權，嚴重威脅全球和平、安全與發展。

The United States has long pursued hegemony and unilateralism, believing that only it alone can always sit at the table to enjoy the feast, while others can only be at the mercy of its decisions; only it can always drink the milk, while others are destined to remain the 'cows' that provide it. With its power politics, Washington has repeatedly trampled on international law and the fundamental norms of global relations, violated human rights in other nations with impunity, and posed a grave threat to global peace, security and development.

充當加沙地帶“種族滅絕”幫兇。自2023年10月新一輪巴以沖突以來，加沙地區人道主義災難愈演愈烈。根據聯合國人道主義事務協調廳網站2024年12月31日發布的統計數據，沖突已造成加沙地帶近4.6萬巴勒斯坦人死亡，超過10.8萬人受傷，90%的民眾流離失所。沖突爆發以來，美國政府一直向以色列提供無條件的軍事和外交支持，一再阻撓國際社會停火止戰的努力，先后七次在聯合國安理會獨家否決有關加沙停火決議草案。美國政府的政策引發社會廣泛爭議和不滿，數十所美國高校爆發學生抗議活動，反而遭到警方和校方聯合鎮壓。2024年2月25日，一名美國空軍士兵在位于華盛頓特區的以色列駐美使館門前自焚，抗議美國對以色列的偏袒。多位聯合國人權專家2024年2月23日發表聯合聲明指出，國際法院2024年11月26日關于加沙地帶極有可能存在種族滅絕風險的裁決表明對以色列實施武器禁運的必要性。專家敦促各國立即停止向以色列轉讓武器和提供軍事援助，而美國是最主要的武器出口國。美國智庫昆西治國方略研究所（Responsible Statecraft）網站2024年8月25日發布的報告指出，美國提供的各類武器裝備被大量用于巴以沖突。32位聯合國人權專家發表聯合聲明指出，“向以色列轉讓武器和彈藥可能嚴重違反國際人權法和國際人道法，并可能成為包括種族滅絕罪行在內的國際犯罪同謀。”

The United States has been serving as an accomplice to the genocide in Gaza. Since the outbreak of the latest round of the Israel-Palestine conflict in October 2023, the humanitarian crisis in Gaza has worsened dramatically. According to statistics published on Dec. 31, 2024 by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the conflict has resulted in nearly 46,000 Palestinian deaths in Gaza, over 108,000 injuries and the displacement of 90 percent of the population in Gaza. Since the outbreak of the conflict, the U.S. government has provided unwavering military and diplomatic support to Israel, repeatedly thwarting international efforts to secure a ceasefire. It has exercised its veto power seven times to block United Nations Security Council resolutions calling for a ceasefire in Gaza. Washington's stance has sparked widespread controversy and discontent across the country. Student protests have erupted on dozens of college campuses, only to be met with forceful responses from both university administrations and law enforcement. On Feb. 25, 2024, a member of the U.S. Air Force set himself on fire in front of the Israeli embassy in Washington to protest against the U.S. administration's support for Israel. On Feb. 23, 2024, a group of United Nations human rights experts issued a joint statement, which emphasizes that the International Court of Justice's ruling on Jan. 26, 2024 that there is a plausible risk of genocide in Gaza, underscoring the imperative of an arm embargo on Israel. The experts urged countries to halt arms transfers and military aid to Israel, while the United States remains the largest arms exporters. A report published on Aug. 25, 2024 by the Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft stated that a significant portion of U.S.-supplied weaponry has been used in the Israel-Palestine conflict. Another joint statement issued by 32 UN human rights experts pointed out, "The transfer of weapons and ammunition to Israel may constitute serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian laws and risk State complicity in international crimes, possibly including genocide."

濫施單邊制裁制造人道危機。美國是世界上使用單邊制裁最多的國家，且近年來濫施單邊制裁愈演愈烈，對全球數十億人的生活產生負面影響。《華盛頓郵報》網站2024年7月25日報道，2024年美國實施的制裁再超紀錄，截至4月19日，美國政府有效制裁總量達到15373項，遠超任何其他國家，致使超過60%的低收入國家遭受經濟懲罰。美國新聞網站“共同夢想”2024年8月12日報道，全球數百名法律專家和團體聯名指出，濫用單邊制裁相當于對平民的集體懲罰，違反國際法。大量證據表明，廣泛的經濟制裁會引發并延長經濟危機，阻礙人們獲得食品、燃料和藥品等必需品，加劇貧困、饑餓、疾病甚至死亡，尤其是兒童的死亡。美國對古巴實施的長達60多年的制裁和非人道封鎖，是其單邊強制措施體系中的一個典型例證。法國《世界外交論衡》月刊網站2024年10月7日發表文章指出，美國的制裁使古巴無限期陷入貧困、屈辱、黑暗和疲憊。2024年10月30日，聯合國大會以壓倒性多數通過決議，再次敦促美國結束對古巴的經濟、商業和金融封鎖。多位聯合國人權專家2024年2月8日發表聯合聲明指出，美國單邊制裁對食物權、健康權、受教育權、經濟和社會權利、生命權、發展權等基本人權產生了負面影響，可能造成災難性的人道主義和人權問題。

The excessive use of unilateral sanctions is fueling humanitarian crises. The United States is overwhelmingly the world's biggest user of unilateral sanctions. It has increasingly imposed them in recent years, negatively affecting the lives of billions across the globe. The Washington Post website reported on July 25, 2024 that the United States had been imposing sanctions at a record-setting pace. As of April 19, 2024, the U.S. government had 15,373 active sanctions in place -- far exceeding other countries, with more than 60 percent of all low-income countries now under some form of financial penalty. The U.S. news website Common Dreams reported on Aug. 12, 2024 that hundreds of legal experts and groups worldwide have jointly stated that the broad use of unilateral sanctions constitutes collective punishment that harms civilian population and violates international law. Overwhelming evidence shows that broad economic sanctions can spark and prolong economic crises, hinder access to essential goods like food, fuel and medicine, and increase poverty, hunger, disease and even death rates, especially among children. The sanctions and inhumane blockade imposed on Cuba by the United States for more than six decades serve as a stark example of its system of unilateral coercive measures. The website of the French monthly Le Monde Diplomatique published an article on Oct. 7, 2024, stating that U.S. sanctions have left Cuba trapped in days and nights marked by poverty, indignity, darkness and exhaustion. On Oct. 30, 2024, the United Nations General Assembly overwhelmingly adopted a resolution reiterating its call on the United States to end economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba with an overwhelming favor. 

On Feb. 8, 2024, several UN human rights experts issued a joint statement criticizing the U.S. unilateral designation of certain states as Sponsors of Terrorism (SST). They argued that such measures negatively affect the "fundamental human rights, including the right to food, right to health, right to education, economic and social rights, right to life and right to development."

海外駐軍禍害當地人民。《沖繩時報》網站2024年12月24日發布的報告顯示，自1945年美軍登陸沖繩群島以來，該地區記錄在案的由美軍人員引發的性暴力事件累計高達371起，這些事件對當地民眾的尊嚴與生命造成了持續性侵害與剝奪。《朝日新聞》網站2024年7月11日報道，針對駐扎美軍實施的一系列性犯罪案件，沖繩縣議會要求駐日美軍采取措施防止類似事件再次發生，并對賦予駐日美軍法律特權的《日美地位協定》作出修改。《韓國時報》網站2024年10月8日報道，在過去五年中，駐韓美軍的性暴力行為和其他罪行接連不斷，引發公眾強烈抗議。《朝日新聞》網站2024年2月7日報道，針對軍事基地附近檢測到的致癌性有機氟化合物，沖繩縣政府多次要求美國各軍事基地調查水質污染原因，而美國軍方置若罔聞。

Overseas U.S. Military Presence Harms Local Communities. According to a report by Okinawa Times on Dec. 24, 2024, since the U.S. military's arrival on the islands in 1945, at least 371 cases of sexual violence have been committed by American military personnel, resulting in persistent violations of local residents' dignity and lives. 

On July 11, 2024, The Asahi Shimbun reported that the Okinawa prefectural assembly "unanimously adopted a resolution and a statement of protest against the U.S. military and the central government over a series of sex crime cases involving U.S. servicemen stationed here." The assembly also demanded measures to prevent recurrence and called for revisions to the Japan-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement. 

Similarly, The Korea Times reported on Oct. 8, 2024 that "the number of crimes committed by U.S. Forces Korea (USFK) personnel has increased steadily over the past five years," sparking widespread public protests. 

Additionally, The Asahi Shimbun reported on Feb. 7, 2024 that the Okinawa prefectural government has repeatedly urged U.S. military bases to investigate water pollution linked to carcinogenic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances detected near military installations. However, the U.S. military has consistently ignored these requests. 

關塔那摩監獄的酷刑體制延續至今。《紐約時報》網站2024年12月18日報道，關塔那摩監獄在押囚犯均被囚禁20年左右。監獄的酷刑體制至今仍在延續。關塔那摩監獄囚犯普遍遭受非人虐待。囚犯阿卜杜勒·拉希姆·納希里（Abdal-Rahimal-Nashiri）曾在獄中遭受水刑、模擬處決、直腸強制喂食、睡眠剝奪等多種酷刑。他被赤身裸體地吊在地下室，囿于狹小密閉的空間，只能踮腳觸地，被迫扭曲肢體形態直至脫臼，連續十幾天被剝奪睡眠。酷刑受害者中心網站2024年5月15日發文指出，關塔那摩監獄的審訊者以各式殘忍手段施加酷刑，對囚犯造成了深遠而嚴重的身心創傷，終生難以修復。聯合國人權專家2024年9月11日發表聲明指出，美國非法引渡、酷刑、不人道的拘留條件、非正規軍事委員會的不公正審判、任意拘留以及其他違反國際人權法和國際人道法的行徑等遺留問題，阻礙為恐怖主義受害者討回公道，使得正義遲遲得不到伸張。

The Ongoing Torture Regime at Guantanamo Prison. According to a report by The New York Times on Dec. 18, 2024, detainees at Guantanamo have been imprisoned for approximately 20 years. The prison's torture system persists to this day, with inmates routinely subjected to inhumane abuse.

One detainee, Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri, endured various forms of torture, including waterboarding, mock executions, rectal force-feeding and sleep deprivation. He was suspended naked in a basement, confined to a cramped and sealed space where he could only touch the ground on tiptoes, forced into contorted positions until his limbs dislocated, and deprived of sleep for over 10 consecutive days. 

The Center for Victims of Torture reported on May 15, 2024 that interrogators at Guantanamo employed brutal methods causing "physical and psychological trauma" from which "survivors will never fully recover."

On Sept. 11, 2024, UN human rights experts issued a statement highlighting unresolved issues stemming from U.S. practices, including illegal renditions, torture, inhumane detention conditions, unfair trials by irregular military commissions, arbitrary detention and other violations of International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law. These practices have undermined justice for victims of terrorism, perpetuating impunity and denying redress. 

結語

Conclusion

2024年美國喧囂的政治舞臺是一面多棱鏡，折射出美式人權的結構性困局。在權力與資本合謀之下，人權被異化為政治“秀場”上的道具和權力“賭場”中的籌碼，這完全背離了人權的核心價值和本質要求。如何有效回應美國人民的真實需求，把尊重和保障人權落到實處，是美國政府不容回避的考題。

The tumultuous political stage of the United States in 2024 acts as a prism, reflecting the structural dilemmas of American-style human rights. Under the collusion of power and capital, human rights have been distorted into mere props in a political "show" and bargaining chips in a power "casino," completely deviating from the core values and fundamental principles of human rights. How to effectively address the genuine needs of the American people and translate respect for and protection of human rights into tangible actions remains an inescapable challenge for the U.S. government.

（來源：新華網）

(Source: Xinhua)